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The Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major, Op. 97, also known as the ''Rhenish'', is the last symphony composed by Robert Schumann (1810–1856), although not the last published. It was composed from 2 November to 9 December 1850, and comprises five movements: #Lebhaft #Scherzo: Sehr mäßig (in C major) #Nicht schnell (in A-flat major) #Feierlich (in E-flat minor) #Lebhaft The Third Symphony is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in B, two bassoons, four french horns in E, two trumpets in E, three trombones, timpani and strings. It premiered on 6 February 1851 in Düsseldorf, conducted by Schumann himself,〔John Daverio and Eric Sams. "Schumann, Robert, §18: Director in Dusseldorf, 1850–54" In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40704pg18 (accessed April 20, 2010).〕 and was received with mixed reviews, "ranging from praise without qualification to bewilderment". However, according to Peter A. Brown, members of the audience applauded between every movement, and especially at the end of the work when the orchestra joined them in congratulating Schumann by shouting "hurrah!".〔Peter A. Brown, The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Germany and the Nordic Countries (Bloomington,IN: Indiana University Press, 2007), 291.〕 ==Biographical context== Throughout his life, Schumann explored a diversity of musical genres, including chamber, vocal, and symphonic music. Although Schumann wrote an incomplete G minor symphony as early as 1832–33 (of which the first movement was performed on two occasions to an unenthusiastic reception),〔John Daverio and Eric Sams. "§4: Discoveries and disappointments: Leipzig, 1830–33" In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40704pg4 (accessed April 20, 2010).〕 he only began seriously composing for the symphonic genre after receiving his wife’s encouragement in 1839.〔John Daverio and Eric Sams. "Schumann, Robert, §11: The symphonic year, 1841 ." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40704pg11 (accessed April 20, 2010).〕 Schumann gained quick success as a symphonic composer following his orchestral debut with his warmly-received First Symphony, which was composed in 1841 and premiered in Leipzig with Felix Mendelssohn conducting. By the end of his career Schumann had composed a total of four symphonies. Also in 1841 he finished the work which was later to be published as his Fourth Symphony. In 1845 he composed his C major Symphony, which was published in 1846 as No. 2, and, in 1850, his Third Symphony. Therefore, the published numbering of the symphonies is not chronological. The reasoning for the "incorrect" numerical sequencing of the symphonies is because his Fourth Symphony was originally completed in 1841, but it was not well received at its Leipzig premiere. The lukewarm reception caused Schumann to withdraw the score and revise it ten years later in Düsseldorf. This final version was published in 1851 after the "Rhenish" Symphony was published. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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